Reading Fluency Assessment and Instruction What Why and How
Oral reading fluency is the ability for students to read text accurately, at an appropriate rate, and with expression. The What Is Oral Reading Fluency? article outlines a framework for oral reading fluency, describes the characteristics of fluent and not-fluent readers, and provides evidence-based all-time practices for fluency didactics. Merely how does 1 know that fluency instruction is, in fact, helping students get better readers, and how do y'all use fluency measures to provide targeted instruction?
Administering Oral Reading Fluency Assessments
Assessing fluency should be embedded strategically and ofttimes to ensure students are receiving the educational activity and practice they need. Educators tin can assess students' fluency by using grade-level passages that accept been controlled for level of difficulty and having students read aloud a new passage for one minute.
- Accuracy: Notate which words students misread, skipped, or substituted with some other discussion. Errors do not include cocky-corrected words, boosted words that do not appear in the passage, or mispronunciation based on regional dialects or speech communication impairments.
- Rate: Decrease the number of words students read incorrectly from the total words they read in ane infinitesimal. This yields the total words correct per infinitesimal (WCPM) score.
- Prosody: Listen to the students' reading of continued text and observe whether students placed emphasis on the correct words, the tone rose and savage at appropriate points, and students paused at punctuation marks and phrase boundaries.
To determine whether students' WCPM score is on target, educators tin utilize the Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) norms chart that provides grade-level expectations throughout the year. A sample is shown below. This provides insight into whether the student is below, at, or above the 50th percentile, and therefore, reading at grade-level fluency benchmarks.
Students should be screened at the beginning of the school year. If a student's fluency score is more than than x words beneath the 50th percentile, educators should follow upward with an boosted phonics screener that assesses phonemic awareness and phonics skills to determine whether boosted instruction on foundational literacy skills is needed. Additionally, a comprehension measure tin provide a more comprehensive student profile.
Educators should monitor students' progress in fluency development a minimum of three times per year. For younger students, educators can acquit ORF assessments more than frequently, either once or twice per month. ORF assessments should too be conducted more frequently for striving readers needing intervention—one time every i to iv weeks—to make up one's mind whether didactics needs to be adjusted.
Educators can set reasonable goals for students using research-based expected growth goals, taking into consideration students' private performance and grade level. Commencement graders, for example, may set a goal of increasing their WCPM by two to three words in a given week. If students make many errors while reading, a goal can also be to subtract the number of errors, and therefore, increasing their accuracy.
Using ORF Assessment Data to Inform Instruction
Students' accuracy and fluency scores are used to guide each student's targeted instructional recommendations. For case:
Low Accuracy, Low Fluency
Students who are non reading at form-level fluency standards and are instead reading word-by-word with low accuracy may demand support with decoding and foundational literacy skills. These students volition do good from systematic, explicit instruction in phonics and word-level reading accurateness and automaticity. Explicit education should include words that students can decode and high-frequency words that students need to recognize past sight. In addition, teachers should provide guided oral reading opportunities and repeated readings of text at students' independent level while working towards instructional level texts with instructor feedback. Rather than silent independent reading, students may benefit from audio-assisted reading of instructional level or grade-level texts.
High Accuracy, Depression Fluency
Students who showroom high accurateness on word reading but lower fluency scores will benefit from opportunities for ample fluency practice. Educators tin can provide guided oral reading instruction coupled with students repeatedly reading the same texts. Multiple reads permit students to focus their attention away from word-level reading to grasp the larger pregnant of the text. Educators tin can also focus on students' phrasing, pausing at punctuation, and reading with expression.
High Accuracy, High Fluency
Students with high accuracy on word reading and high fluency scores volition benefit from instruction that helps develop students' prosody when reading. Additionally, educators tin can focus on grade-level comprehension instruction and encourage students to read independently from a wide range of genres.
The gilded star denotes the instructional focus for the different types of readers.
What'southward Adjacent? Technological Advances in ORF Assessments
Technological advances in educational software are making the administration of oral reading fluency assessments more than efficient. What traditionally took multiple class periods and scheduled 1-on-one administrations can now happen through AI-driven software that listens to students' passage reading and computes a WCPM score for the whole class. This allows teachers to exam the fluency score of their whole classroom apace, thus freeing upwards more time to focus on planning educational activity.
Additionally, as online learning becomes more sophisticated, digital ORF assessments can be automatically connected to core, supplemental, and intervention programs. Educators go not only essential information on students' fluency evolution and reading progress only also guidance on education needed in fluency and foundational literacy skills. Oral reading assessments may be short, simply they are becoming increasingly impactful tools that can enhance literacy instruction to transform reluctant students into empowered and successful learners.
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Source: https://www.hmhco.com/blog/oral-reading-fluency-assessment